In the field of science known as dosimetry, a dosimeter is a device that measures the amount of ionising radiation exposure received from alpha or beta particles, neutrons, gamma rays, or x-rays. For those who work in radiation-exposed environments, it is a necessary tool. To make sure that a person does not receive a dangerous dose of radiation over a certain amount of time, dosimeters are utilised. For the management and protection of occupational radiation, governing agencies have standards. A dosimeter's primary objective is to keep an occupational dose as low as is practicably possible (ALARA). When people are exposed to large levels of radiation, it can be fatal to them. Radiation is extremely dangerous to humans. When radiation levels are excessively high, Dosimeters warn and educate individuals so they can leave the exposure area and prevent radiation poisoning. Depending on their purposes and applications, radiation dosimeters are available in a variety of kinds. While some dosimeters sound an alert when dangerous quantities of radiation are present, others are intended to monitor cumulative radiation exposure over time. Radiation is detected by Geiger Müeller (GM) counters, which are incredibly sensitive dosimeters that use a gas chamber. The gas chamber can detect one radiation particle, which causes the electronic speaker to make a clicking sound. First responders use personal radiation detectors with extended range (PRD-ER) because the alarm set points can be manually adjusted to the conditions they will be entering. These detectors distinguish themselves from EPDs by keeping track of exposure rates and total radiation exposure while being worn. Additionally, their dose rate range is broader. Extended-range personal radiation dosimeters use a semiconductor or Geiger-Müller tube (G-M tube), which detects radiation by using a gaseous mixture, as well as plastic or crystal scintillators. While the semiconductor or G-M tubes enable low dose rate sensitivity, scintillators are utilised to read large dosage rates. Radiation readings on people and their surroundings are taken using handheld survey metres. To maintain compliance with industry regulations, these dosimeters are commonly employed to detect radiation in nuclear and radiological facilities. In handheld survey metres, radiation is detected using G-M tube detectors, ion chambers—which, like G-M tubes, are gas filled radiation detectors—and scintillators. Operating these dosimeters requires training. When radiation levels are high, non-alarming personal emergency radiation detectors (PERDs) do not sound an alarm. Instead, radiation levels are visually monitored using a colorimetric card. Darker hues indicate higher radiation levels. This sort of dosimeter has some drawbacks, including the fact that it doesn't alarm and that the colorimetric cards can be interpreted incorrectly. These dosimeters, however, are sturdy and can be used as a backup dosimeter or in challenging environments. An individual wears a personal dosimeter for a predetermined amount of time. The dosimeter can be read at the location of a hot zone, but it is typically transmitted to a laboratory that assesses the radiation dose. These dosimeters are extremely precise. There are four types of personal dosimeters:
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