Immunoglobulin is protein that play a critical role in our immune system. Each class of immunoglobulin has its own chemical structure, biological features, and target specificity. Immunoglobulin is used in research and therapeutic applications to treat a wide range of diseases. It can be obtained from human plasma. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins made in great abundance by the immune system to help eliminate disease-causing microbes, such as viruses and bacteria. They work by recognizing and sticking to a specific protein on the surface of these organisms, called an antigen. They are made by B cells and are found in the blood, bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes. They are the most common antibodies and form the basis of the immune defenses against harmful organisms and toxins. During B cell proliferation, they undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM), a process that results in approximately one nucleotide change per variable gene, every time the cell divides. The mutations allow the antibody genes to evolve slightly from their original amino acid sequence, thereby allowing the production of more sensitive and specific antibodies. The two heavy chains and two light chains of an antibody form a polypeptide molecule that is held together by covalent disulfide bonds. They are separated by a region called the constant region, which contains the binding site that is optimized to latch on to a particular foreign protein, also known as an epitope. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy can help people with primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) or inborn errors of immunity (IEI). It gives them antibodies that they don't have. It can also help people with autoimmune diseases, like lupus or myositis. It helps their bodies to make more red blood cells to carry oxygen and fight infection. The liquid part of blood, called plasma, is separated out from red blood cells and used to make the Immunoglobulin products. The plasma is collected from large numbers of healthy blood donors who have completed a medical questionnaire and been carefully screened for infection. IGRT is administered via intravenous or subcutaneous routes and is the standard-of-care treatment for patients with PIDD who have impaired antibody production and function. Immunotherapy is a form of cancer treatment that uses the immune system to fight the disease. It usually results in fewer short-term side effects than chemotherapy. There are several types of immunotherapy, including vaccines that stimulate the immune system in case of cancer and targeted drugs that attack specific proteins on cancer cells. These medicines can be used to treat many different kinds of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma, breast and prostate cancers, and lung and bladder cancers. These treatments can also help the immune system respond to cancer that has already spread to other parts of the body. Research shows that people whose tumors contain a type of cell called tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes have better outcomes when treated with immunotherapy than those whose tumors don’t have TILs. Other types of immunotherapy include checkpoint inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. These are produced in laboratories and use antigens to trigger immune cells to destroy specific cancer cells. Immunosuppression is the reduction of the body's immune system strength. It can be caused by a disease or drug and may also occur as part of treatment for certain medical conditions. People who have a weakened immune system can get infections easily that would normally go away if they had a normal immune system. These infections can be difficult to treat and last longer than infections in people with normal immune systems. There are many benefits to immunosuppression, including reduced risk of organ rejection after a transplant and improved quality of life. However, people who take immunosuppressant drugs can also be at increased risk of infection from microorganisms that usually do not cause problems in healthy people.
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