Mesenchymal Stem Cells, also known as Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs), are multipotent adult fibroblasts that can differentiate and mature into mesodermal tissues such as adipocytes, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated for the first time from bone marrow and later from cord cells, adipose tissue, and molar cells. Mesenchymal Stem Cells are smaller in size and more difficult to detect in histological sections. Mesenchyme is a group of mesenchymal stem cells that is widely distributed throughout the body. Mesenchymal cells can divide into numerous specialised cells and grow in vitro or in vivo. Mesenchymal Stem Cells can grow bone tissues through the bone surface to form new bone, which has the potential to treat osteoporosis. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), the United States had approximately 53 million people suffering from osteoporosis or at high risk due to low bone mass in 2015. According to Osteoporosis Canada, approximately one in every five men and one in every three women will experience an osteoporotic fracture during their lifetime, and osteoporosis is responsible for 70-90% of the 30,000 hip fractures that occur each year; the annual cost to Canada for treating osteoporosis was approximately US$ 4.0 billion in 2012, and this figure is expected to rise in the coming years. Furthermore, according to the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), annually around 9.0 million people worldwide are suffering from osteoporosis fractures. The mesenchymal stem cells play an important role within an organism for suppressing immune cell activation, increasing the number of newer cells, reducing cell death or cell damage in the body, and secretion of both neurotrophic and angiogenic factors, which are responsible for stabilising the extracellular matrix. When transplanted to the brain, this cells promote the reduction of free radical levels and enhance synaptic connections of damaged neurons, and increases the Mesenchymal Stem Cells can also replace and repair any damaged blood vessels in the cerebrum brain. Types of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Mesenchymal Stem Cells have recently been discovered in unexpected places, such as menstrual blood and endometrium. More MSC sources are likely to be discovered, and MSCs may be a good candidate for future experimental or clinical applications. One of the most difficult challenges is elucidating the highly complex mechanisms of differentiation, mobilisation, and homing of MSCs. MSCs' multipotent properties make them an appealing candidate for the development of clinical applications.
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