To secure data from attacks by cybercriminals, cryptography was the process of encrypting it with a key and decoding it at the receiving end. Let's try to define quantum cryptography using the same reasoning: if the method used to encrypt the plaintext uses the quantum mechanics concept, then it is considered to be Quantum Cryptography. It makes use of the "no change theory," according to which an interruption cannot be made consciously or unknowingly. As we all know, a quantum is defined in physics as a packet of energy. It is also crucial to keep in mind that this differs from post-quantum cryptography. Although it seems straightforward, the intricacy resides in comprehending the fundamentals of quantum mechanics that underlie this method:
Quantum Cryptography, as defined, uses quantum mechanics and quantum algorithms to render itself technically unhackable. Let's think about a data transfer between the sender and the recipient. Quantum key distribution (QKD), or a series of photons, is the term for the key used in quantum cryptography to cypher the plaintext and transfer data across an optical fibre line. The parties involved will be able to determine what the key is and whether it has been compromised by any outside parties by comparing measurements of these photons' characteristics. Step- by- Step Process of Quantum Cryptography-
First and foremost, the easiest approach to defend against attacks is by encrypting with longer keys. Although slower and more expensive, longer keys slow down encryption. Another choice is to transmit messages using symmetric encryption and subsequently encrypt the key using asymmetric encryption. Transport layer security (TLS), an internet standard, is based on the same principle. The ideal course of action would be to combine post- Quantum Cryptography method techniques such as lattice-based encryption for early communication and then securely swap keys. Symmetric encryption could then be used to encrypt the main message.
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